Ansible 学习笔记（三）使用Playbook脚本管理主机
作者：Guangran 日期：2023-12-15
前言
在很多情况下，执行单个命令或调用某一个模块，无法满足复杂工作的需要。Ansible 服务允许用户根据需求，在类似于 Shell 脚本的模式下编写自动化运维脚本，然后由程序自动、重复地执行，从而提高工作效率。Playbook 就是 Ansible 的脚本语言，使用的是 YAML 格式。
脚本文件格式
组成
脚本文件由四部分组成，分别是target、variable、task、handler，其各自的作用如下：
target：用于定义要执行剧本的主机范围。
variable：用于定义剧本执行时要用到的变量。
task：用于定义将在远程主机上执行的任务列表。
handler：用于定义执行完成后需要调用的后续任务。
格式
文件开始符
YAML 文件的开头需要先写3个减号(---)
CODEyaml
---数组list
数组中的每个元素都是以 - 开始的
CODEyaml
- list1- list2- list3字典
key和value之间用冒号和空格分隔
CODEyaml
key: value字典嵌套
CODEyaml
martion:name: testjob: Developerskill: Elite字典和数组嵌套
CODEyaml
- martion:name: testjob: Developer- tabitha:name: test2job: Developer执行 Playbook 命令
执行 Playbook 的基本方法
TERMINALbash
ansible-playbook deploy.yml查看输出的细节
TERMINALbash
ansible-playbook deploy.yml --verbose查看受该脚本影响的主机
TERMINALbash
ansible-playbook deploy.yml --list-hosts并行执行脚本
TERMINALbash
ansible-playbook deploy.yul -f 10编写简易的 Playbook 脚本
安装软件
查看 yum 模块文档
TERMINALbash
[root@control ~]# ansible-doc yum> YUM (/usr/lib/python3.8/site-packages/ansible/modules/packaging/os/yum.py) Installs, upgrade, downgrades, removes, and lists packages and groups with the `yum' package manager. This module only works on Python 2. If you require Python 3 support see the [dnf] module.* This module is maintained by The Ansible Core Team* note: This module has a corresponding action plugin.OPTIONS (= is mandatory):……中间输出省略……EXAMPLES:- name: install the latest version of Apacheyum: name: httpd state: latest- name: ensure a list of packages installedyum: name: "{{ packages }}"vars: packages: - httpd - httpd-tools……其他输出省略……编写脚本
TERMINALbash
[root@control ~]# vim installpackages.ymlCONFIG/root/installpackages.yml
---- name: 安装软件包hosts: dbtasks: - name: one yum: name: mariadb-server state: latest
备注
- name：描述
- hosts：执行的主机
- tasks：执行的任务
- name：描述
- yum：执行的模块
执行脚本
TERMINALbash
[root@control ~]# ansible-playbook installpackages.ymlPLAY [安装软件包] **************************************************************************************************TASK [Gathering Facts] *******************************************************************************************ok: [node3]TASK [one] *******************************************************************************************************changed: [node3]PLAY RECAP *******************************************************************************************************node3 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0验证 mariadb-server 是否安装
TERMINALbash
[root@node3 ~]# rpm -qi mariadb-serverName : mariadb-serverEpoch : 4Version : 10.5.10Release : 3.oe1Architecture: x86_64Install Date: Fri 11 Nov 2022 05:50:42 PM CSTGroup : UnspecifiedSize : 97514943License : GPLv2 and LGPLv2Signature : RSA/SHA1, Thu 30 Sep 2021 05:33:33 AM CST, Key ID d557065eb25e7f66Source RPM : mariadb-10.5.10-3.oe1.src.rpmBuild Date : Thu 30 Sep 2021 05:23:12 AM CSTBuild Host : ecs-obsworker-0001Packager : http://openeuler.orgVendor : http://openeuler.orgURL : http://mariadb.orgSummary : The MariaDB server and related filesDescription :MariaDB is a multi-user, multi-threaded SQL database server. It is aclient/server implementation consisting of a server daemon (mariadbd)and many different client programs and libraries. This package containsthe MariaDB server and some accompanying files and directories.MariaDB is a community developed fork from MySQL.启动服务
查看 service 模块文档
TERMINALbash
[root@control ~]# ansible-doc service> SERVICE (/usr/lib/python3.8/site-packages/ansible/modules/system/service.py) Controls services on remote hosts. Supported init systems include BSD init, OpenRC, SysV, Solaris SMF, systemd, upstart. For Windows targets, use the [win_service] module instead.* This module is maintained by The Ansible Core Team* note: This module has a corresponding action plugin.OPTIONS (= is mandatory):……中间输出省略……EXAMPLES:- name: Start service httpd, if not startedservice: name: httpd state: started- name: Stop service httpd, if startedservice: name: httpd state: stopped……其他输出省略……编写脚本
TERMINALbash
[root@control ~]# vim startservice.ymlCONFIG/root/startservice.yml
---- name: 启动服务hosts: dbtasks: - name: one service: name: mariadb state: started enabled: yes执行脚本
TERMINALbash
[root@control ~]# ansible-playbook startservice.ymlPLAY [启动服务] ***************************************************************************************************TASK [Gathering Facts] *******************************************************************************************ok: [node3]TASK [one] *******************************************************************************************************changed: [node3]PLAY RECAP *******************************************************************************************************node3 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0查看服务是否启动
TERMINALbash
[root@node3 ~]# systemctl status mariadb● mariadb.service - MariaDB 10.5 database server Loaded: loaded (8;;file://node3/usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service^G/usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.serv> Active: active (running) since Fri 2022-11-11 18:00:02 CST; 1min 43s ago Docs: 8;;man:mariadbd(8)^Gman:mariadbd(8)8;;^G 8;;https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/systemd/^Ghttps://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/systemd/8;;^G Process: 4953 ExecStartPre=/usr/libexec/mariadb-check-socket (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 4977 ExecStartPre=/usr/libexec/mariadb-prepare-db-dir mariadb.service (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 5084 ExecStartPost=/usr/libexec/mariadb-check-upgrade (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 5070 (mariadbd) Status: "Taking your SQL requests now..." Tasks: 8 (limit: 21456) Memory: 76.6M CGroup: /system.slice/mariadb.service └─5070 /usr/libexec/mariadbd --basedir=/usr最后
Playbook 的基础操作，简单记录一下。